Roberto Marchesini, in un grande testo che consiglio a tutti (“Posthuman“, Bollati Boringhieri, 2002) metteva in campo la critica più fondamentale, nel senso di posta alle fondamenta, a qualsiasi discorso che sancisca l’inizio dell’era del Post-umano: non siamo mai stati davvero solo umani. Almeno da quando abbiamo sviluppato tutto ciò che ci rende “fieri” di essere umani e non felci del sottobosco (civiltà, arte, linguaggio ecc).
Marchesini argomenta: siamo in realtà già ibridati. Da mo’. Ibridati dalle piante, dalle quali dipendiamo per sostentarci nella quantità in cui siamo arrivati ad essere. Ibridati agli animali, che ci hanno dato un tessuto di civiltà insostituibile. Ibridati agli strumenti, senza i quali già non siamo nessuno. ”Ibridato” nel senso che noi esistiamo, come collettività umana e come individui, sopra e attraverso questi soggetti. Noi viviamo “sulle piante”, perchè la nostra vita ci oltrepassa e si sviluppa grazie, su e attraverso i tempi e gli spazi delle piante. Basta l’osservazione anche molto borghese della vita contadina per annotarlo. Il campo è letteralmente uno spazio umano. “Ibridati” perchè gli strumenti, le piante e gli animali (tacendo qui di ibridazioni più oscure ma altrettanto fondanti come quelle con batteri, virus, funghi, ecc) ci permettono di vivere una vita di linguaggio, di simboletica e di sensazioni in più.
Siamo talmente ibridati che abbiamo affidato alle metafore tecniche, animali e vegetali la spiegazione dei nostri stati d’animo più reconditi. Se non è sudditanza questa. Si dirà: ma queste ibridazioni sono teoricamente reversibili, momentanee. Io potrò sempre “uscire” dalla civiltà, che è prodotto dell’ibridazione. Avrò sempre una porta sul fondale, alla Truman Show, che mi riporta a prima dell’addomesticamento delle piante in tempi prestorici.
Tralasciando la velleità di una fuga, è ciò che ha reso sopportabile l’ingresso della tecnica digitale e meccanica fino ad oggi. Fino all’esplosione dell’Internet delle cose ciò che rendeva meno ansiogeno il futuro prospettato dalle macchine è che la possibilità di uscirne si dava sempre. Era (ed è) possibile tutt’ora vivere non ibridati al digitale. Ma posto che questa via sia percorribile, essa nel momento in cui si verifica è impolitica, perchè la politica è nata dalla ibridazione. Sia quella “fondamentale” con piante strumenti meccanici e animali sia quella successiva col digitale. Nessuna civiltà umana, ad oggi, sopravvive al suo livello di sviluppo senza il digitale. L’equivoco massimo per cui, teoricamente, si può vivere senza, è lo stesso di chi si è baloccato per anni pensando di vivere di servizi. Tu puoi benissimo evitare di usare computer e chimica farmaceutica: vuol dire che altri li adopereranno per te. In fondo la difesa strenua contro il “postumano” è una nuova forma di Herrenvolk Democracy: io occidentale mi riservo di non adoperare la tecnica che io stesso ho sintetizzato perchè ci sarà qualcun’altro che lo farà a posto mio, magari ben altrove, e che mi darà tutto ciò che la tecnica ha di buono da offrire (cioè tutto) e io potrò godermi i frutti della tecnica senza averne i ritorni “negativi”.
O quindi si transita compiutamente al paleoconservatorismo oppure si riconosce che la critica al “Post-umano” è una palla al piede formidabile. Perchè essa presuppone scenari egualmente impossibili.
O propone una gigantesca primavera di sensibilità nell’umanità, la quale diviene in breve tempo capace di utilizzare la “Tecnica” nei limiti in cui essa aggiunge e non trasforma, raffina e non modifica (posto che questo limite esista); oppure propone uno scenario contraddittorio e si immagina di poter avere i risultati della civiltà senza l’infrastruttura materiale sui quali si sono fondati.
Terza opzione, altrettanto inusitata, il consapevole ritorno ad una civiltà pre-tecnica, posto mai che si possa individuare un punto oltre il quale “La quantità è diventata qualità” (Hegel).Si dirà che, in fondo, queste riflessioni contro la tecnica e contro il “Post-umano” devono avere cittadinanza senza suscitare problemi. E di sicuro si devono produrre, ma bisogna avere il coraggio di dire che sono nicchie evolutive del pensiero: si adattano bene a quell’anfratto della società culturale che può divertirsi ad immaginarsi un mondo con tutte le premesse (sviluppi della medicina, diffusione della stessa, capacità di controllo, strumenti di comprensione, circolazione delle informazioni, ecc) senza le conseguenze. Un mondo appunto signorile in cui ci si immagina, come nobiluomini greci, di essere scissi dalla produzione, dal lavoro, dalla materia dinamica, dalle fornaci e dagli schermi.
Questa prospettiva meta-antropologica è reazionaria ma soprattutto rallenta, incancrenisce, perchè ha dietro appunto una separazione ideale che è del tutto inesistente, che storicamente non si è data se non in pochi luoghi e non si può certo verificare oggi.
Ogni attacco al post-umano sui generis, in generale, un tanto al chilo, riproduce queste trame di pensiero. Avvelena le acque. Il che ovviamente non ha nulla a che vedere con le legittime critiche a certe ben specifiche storture che viviamo oggi: ma c’è una bella differenza tra il riformismo della tecnica e le turbe palingenetiche.
Lorenzo Centini
14.05.2022
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